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fundamental semigroup

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  • Semigroup — This article is about the algebraic structure. For applications to differential equations, see C0 semigroup. In mathematics, a semigroup is an algebraic structure consisting of a set together with an associative binary operation. A semigroup… …   Wikipedia

  • Special classes of semigroups — In mathematics, a semigroup is a nonempty set together with an associative binary operation. A special class of semigroups is a class of semigroups satisfying additional properties or conditions. Thus the class of commutative semigroups consists… …   Wikipedia

  • Dirac delta function — Schematic representation of the Dirac delta function by a line surmounted by an arrow. The height of the arrow is usually used to specify the value of any multiplicative constant, which will give the area under the function. The other convention… …   Wikipedia

  • Ring (mathematics) — This article is about algebraic structures. For geometric rings, see Annulus (mathematics). For the set theory concept, see Ring of sets. Polynomials, represented here by curves, form a ring under addition and multiplication. In mathematics, a… …   Wikipedia

  • Quantum decoherence — Quantum mechanics Uncertainty principle …   Wikipedia

  • Heat equation — The heat equation is an important partial differential equation which describes the distribution of heat (or variation in temperature) in a given region over time. For a function of three spatial variables ( x , y , z ) and one time variable t ,… …   Wikipedia

  • Free monoid — In abstract algebra, the free monoid on a set A is the monoid whose elements are all the finite sequences (or strings) of zero or more elements from A , with the binary operation of concatenation. It is usually denoted A lowast;. The identity… …   Wikipedia

  • Field (mathematics) — This article is about fields in algebra. For fields in geometry, see Vector field. For other uses, see Field (disambiguation). In abstract algebra, a field is a commutative ring whose nonzero elements form a group under multiplication. As such it …   Wikipedia

  • Abstract analytic number theory — is a branch of mathematics which takes the ideas and techniques of classical analytic number theory and applies them to a variety of different mathematical fields. The classical prime number theorem serves as a prototypical example, and the… …   Wikipedia

  • John R. Stallings — John Robert Stallings is a mathematician known for his seminal contributions to geometric group theory and 3 manifold topology. Stallings is a Professor Emeritus in the Department of Mathematics and the University of California at Berkeley. [… …   Wikipedia

  • Group (mathematics) — This article covers basic notions. For advanced topics, see Group theory. The possible manipulations of this Rubik s Cube form a group. In mathematics, a group is an algebraic structure consisting of a set together with an operation that combines …   Wikipedia

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